Vacuum brazing is a special hard brazing process based on capillary action. For this, a suitable brazing material is melted and applied as a coating on the parts to be joined. The subsequent cooling creates a firmly bonded joint. The vacuum atmosphere prevents unwanted reactions with the environment, such as oxidation, and provides optimum brazing conditions.

 

The process starts with a thorough cleaning of the components, in order to remove grease, oxides, and other impurities. Next, the brazing material is applied in the form of a foil, wire, paste, or a galvanic coating. The components are then precisely fixed in place in the vacuum furnace in order to ensure exact positioning.

 

Once the target temperature has been reached, the brazing material is kept molten for a defined dwell time, ensuring the complete coating of the join surfaces. The controlled cooling keeps the material from warping and ensures a uniform microstructure. To ensure the highest quality standards, the process concludes with a check of the workpieces for strength, tightness, and dimensional accuracy.

The process offers numerous advantages, including high-strength and reproducible joints with flawless, corrosion-resistant surfaces. Since it does not require fluxes, the process does not produce any residues, thus eliminating the need for costly rework. Another benefit is the option to combine brazing and hardening in a single process step - thus providing an efficient solution that saves time and money.

 

The key advantages at a glance:

 

• High strength and corrosion resistance of the joint
• Clean surfaces free of oxides, as no flux residues are produced
• Combination of different materials, e. g. metal/ceramic combinations
• Even heat distribution thanks to the vacuum, minimising dimensional deviations
• Reduced need for rework, as the process does not create any oxidation layers
• Ideal for high-precision applications in the fields of aerospace and medical engineering

Its versatility has made vacuum brazing an established solution in numerous branches of industry. It very suitable for high alloy steels, super alloys, stainless steel, copper, titanium, and aluminium, as well as for demanding materials such as ceramics, carbides, CBN, and diamond. This compatibility across a wide range of materials makes the process particularly attractive for machine and tool making, where it is used, for instance, for joining carbide and steel.

 

The process also plays an essential role in aerospace, as it allows the production of extremely strong and temperature-resistant structural components. Its applications in the automotive industry include the production of hydraulic and cooling systems. Medical engineering benefits from the hygienic, gap-free joints that vacuum brazing makes possible, while it is used in vacuum and measurement technology for the production of high-precision components. Another important area of application is the manufacture of heat exchangers and heating elements, which require optimum heat transfer.

To achieve even better results, vacuum brazing can be further optimised with the help of a variety of special processes. One common method is vacuum hardening with subsequent tempering, which substantially increases the mechanical strength of the components. Similarly, surface hardening by nitriding contributes to boosting wear resistance, thus improving the durability of the components.

 

Another key aspect is stress-free annealing, which reduces internal stresses in the material and thus minimises the risk of warping or cracks. Moreover, the targeted use of capillary action can help achieve an even more precise coating of the joining surfaces, and this optimises the quality of the solder joint even further. These specialised processes make it possible to systematically adapt vacuum brazing to specific requirements and thus to ensure even higher performance and reliability.

 

Would you like to learn more about vacuum brazing? Contact our team of experts!

 

Our locations in Germany and Europe are shown here.

Unlike the classic hardening of, for example, quenched and tempered steels in oil or water, which creates martensite, the purpose of the process is to create the bainite to which the process owes its name. It develops from austenite under isothermal conditions or continuous cooling below the temperature necessary for pearlite formation.
 
Bainite is categorised as lower bainite or upper bainite, based on the temperature range of bainite formation. Upper bainite consists of a mixture of needle-shaped ferrite and films of carbides that are arranged in parallel. In the case of lower bainite, the carbides are formed at an angle of 60° to the ferrite, which is arranged in plates. Based on the transformation conditions, bainite is further sub-categorised as inverse, granular, or long needle bainite.
 
Bainitising process:

• The steel is heated to a temperature between 790 - 950 °C, leading to the formation of austenite in the microstructure. This process is referred to as austenitising.
• Next, the material to be hardened is quenched in a hot bath, e.g. in a salt melt. An isothermal transformation requires a constant temperature between 220 °C and 400 °C. The exact temperature depends on the alloy and the specific position of the bainite area in the time-temperature conversion diagram. It should be greater than the martensite start temperature.
• Until the austenite has been converted to bainite as completely as possible throughout the entire workpiece, the steel remains in the quenching bath. This may take minutes or hours, depending on the temperature, the steel composition, and the dimensions of the component.
• The process concludes with cooling to room temperature. Because of the low residual stresses in the resulting microstructure, there is no need for tempering.

Bainitising is used to specifically adjust specific properties of steels and cast iron, and it offers the following advantages:

 

• Increased strength and hardness at maximum toughness
• Minimum warping (especially in thin-walled workpieces)
• Greater fatigue strength (compared to quenching and tempering in oil)
• Reduced wear and greater resistance (e.g. also against hydrogen-induced embrittlement during a coating treatment)

 

Bainitising is suitable for a wide range of applications. It is particularly suitable for thin-walled components that are exposed to high loads and require minimum warping.
 
One field of application is the automotive industry , where bainitising is used, for example, for screws and fasteners or for sheet metal parts in such safety-critical elements as seatbelt systems or seat adjusters. These elements require maximum ductility and high load capacity before breakage is to be expected.
 
Other applications include nails, springs, crankshafts made of cast iron or, in general, all components made of metal sheets and strip coils with a small cross-section.
 
Steels with a medium or high carbon content and a hardness of 35 to 55 HRC, as well as ductile iron castings, are well suited for bainitising. Examples of suitable materials can be found in the material table.

Areas of application

Bainitising is a key process for the preparation of steel in a multitude of industries. These include:

• Wind turbines
• Semi-finished metal products
• Automotive industry
• Safety engineering
• Agricultural machinery

Our locations in Germany and Europe are shown here.

Continuous treatment system:

 

Heating capacity: 500 kg/h

Belt width: 900 mm

Heated length of the furnace: 5.4 m or 7.20 m

Suitable for bulk material with up to approx. 300 g per part

Length of the parts: <200 mm

We need the following information from you:

 

• Material designation
• Required hardness (HRC) and tolerance
• Maximum permissible warping
• Hardening temperature/material data sheets and empirical values

 

If a test area is stipulated, please send us a corresponding drawing, and add a note in your order.

As a rule, only materials that can be hardened are suitable for quenching and tempering. The development of the desired martensite or bainite microstructure requires the carbon content to be at least 0.2%. Suitability for quenching and tempering is furthermore influenced by the grain size. Generally, the material used is heat-treatable steel with a carbon content between 0.35% and 0.6%. However, non-ferrous metals such as titanium alloys are also suitable for the process. Other steels are better suited for edge layer hardening.

Quenching and tempering is performed in three steps: heating to the austenitising temperature/ hardening, quenching, and tempering..

 

INFO: What is the difference between hardening and quenching and tempering?
Hardening and quenching and tempering differ in their objectives and in the last step of the respective procedure. While hardening focuses on creating a wear-resistant surface, the process of quenching and tempering aims to achieve great strength/toughness.
This difference in properties is achieved by applying significantly higher tempering temperatures during quenching and tempering. The tempering temperature during hardening is between 200 °C and 400 °C, while it ranges between 550 °C and 700 °C during quenching and tempering.

Hardening

During hardening, the component is heated at a rate of over 4 K/min until the temperature reaches at least the austenitising temperature of the material. The appropriate rate of heating is essential because raising the temperature too quickly increases the risk of cracks and warping.
 

Quenching

Hardening is followed by the quenching process. During this step, the heater material is cooled down quickly in a suitable quenching medium. Commonly used media are water, air, and oil. The quenching medium, the temperature, and the speed determine the target microstructure of the material, and its properties.

The maximum rate of cooling using mineral oil is 150-200 °C/s. The speed can be three times as high during the cooling using water.

For sub-eutectoid steels, the quenching temperature range is 30 °C to 50 °C above the AC3 temperature specified in the iron-carbon chart. For hypereutectoid steels, the temperature prior to quenching should be just above the AC1 given in the iron-carbon chart.

The thickness of the component (s) determines the dwell time (tH) in the quenching medium. The following formula helps estimate the dwell time:

If the carbon is in a dissolved state in the austenite, then the austenitising temperature can be increased to dissolve the carbides completely. This leads to the formation of martensite and embrittlement, which can be treated by subsequent tempering. On the other hand, a temperature below the austenitising temperature may result in soft ferrite nuclei in the martensite. This occurrence is referred to as soft spot formation.
 

Tempering

Tempering is used to remove the so-called glass hardness after the quenching step. The process can take place in different tempering stages. The first one is best performed immediately after quenching. The tempering temperature during this step is approx. 150 °C.

The needle martensite or the tetragonal martensite microstructure resulting from the hardening process is now transformed into a cubic martensite microstructure, with the precipitation of fine to ultra-fine carbides. The volume of the material decreases, and the grain lattice relaxes.

This prevents dislocations from sliding at high loads, and crack formation resulting from this. The secondary hardness maximum resulting from balancing hardness and toughness is attained.

Additional tempering stages can be carried out at temperatures between 200 °C and 350 °C to increase the hardness of the workpiece even further. When applied to high-alloy steels, a tempering stage above 500 °C can convert the iron carbide to more stable special carbides.

The diagram shows the material properties that can be achieved by tempering in the respective material.
 

The advantages at a glance

The quenching and tempering of materials offers the following essential advantages:

• Balance of high strength and high toughness
• High resistance to plastic deformation (thanks to high strength)
• Considerably lower risk of cracking and breakage (thanks to high toughness)

The objective of quenching and tempering is to achieve the best possible relationship between high strength and toughness. This is of particular importance for components that are subjected to particularly high loads and must possess the corresponding resistance. Examples include:

• Crankshafts
• Forged parts
• Machine parts
• Fixture parts
• Components for agricultural technology

 

 

Certain alloying elements can increase the steel’s suitability for quenching and tempering, as well as its strength. One of the most widely used heat-treatable steels is 42CrMo4, a chromium-molybdenum alloy steel.

An overview of other suitable materials can be found in the material table.

 

Would you like to commission quenching and tempering from us? We look forward to working with you and need the following information:

 

• Material designation
• Desired target hardness and properties
• Planned subsequent processing steps

 

 

Quenching and tempering is standard good practice at Härtha. Refer to our location overview for more information.

 

During tempering, steel is heated at low temperature in an effort to deliberately balance properties like hardness and toughness. Tempering is usually intended to relieve stresses built up by the previous hardening of the material. For this purpose, the metal is heated to a temperature below the pearlite point (723°C). The greater the tempering temperature, the softer the steel and the greater the toughness.

 

Hardness vs. toughness
Tempering is used to balance the hardness and the toughness of a material. Greater toughness results in lower hardness, and vice versa. The individual ratio is defined for each specific application.

 

The role of the tempering temperature

Depending on the temperature of the tempering process, the ratio of toughness to hardness in the steel changes. The purpose of tempering is to adjust this ratio precisely. In addition, the colour of the material surface changes through oxidation. The colour of the treated steel thus reveals the tempering temperature and allows conclusions about the potential application.

The most common tempering temperatures range between 160 °C and 600 °C. Tempering below 300 °C and above 500 °C is referred to as low-temperature and high-temperature tempering, respectively. In addition, tempering is categorised by temperature into four tempering stages.

Tempering time

The tempering time is of equal importance the temperature. The time can range between minutes and hours and will vary - just as the temperature - with the composition of the steel and the cross-section of the component. A higher tempering temperature with a shorter tempering time has the same effect as a lower temperature combined with a longer time. These variables are generally interchangeable as per the Hollomon–Jaffe parameter.

 

The right furnace

Both the heating and the quenching operations influence the outcome of the tempering process. All the more important is the exact setting of the desired parameters. Tempering can generally take place in salt baths, induction systems, vacuum systems, and protective gas systems. It is possible to use the residual heat left over after the hardening of the workpiece. Alternatively, it is possible to reheat completely from scratch.

At Härtha, we use the most advanced systems and can thus guarantee you a dependable outcome.
 

The advantages at a glance

• Increased toughness
• Reduced stresses
• Lower risk of cracks
• Greater formability
• Options to set the desired parameters with greater precision

The processes taking place during tempering vary with the temperature, time, and steel grade. These processes are grouped into four tempering stages between 80 °C and 550 °C. Temperatures below 80 °C generate lattice distortions at the atomic level, resulting in deformations in the metal. The temperature ranges of the tempering stages may shift depending on the tempering time and the respective material.
 

 

The first tempering stage

• Temperature: 80 °C to approx. 200 °C
• Steels with a carbon content of more than 0.2% eliminate ε carbides from the martensite lattice, and the lattice distortion decreases.

 

The second tempering stage

• Temperature: approx. 200 °C to approx. 320 °C (higher in low-alloy steels)
• Residual austenite disintegrates, and carbides and α ferrite form.

 

The third tempering stage

• Temperature: approx. 320 °C to approx. 520 °C
• Ferrite and cementite are brought into balance, and hardness drops substantially.
• At temperatures of 500 °C and higher, the cementite particles start coagulating to a greater degree.

 

The fourth tempering stage

• Temperature: approx. 450 °C to approx. 550 °C
• Higher alloy steels (e.g. with chrome or tungsten) eliminate special carbides from the alloy elements.
• A greater hardness can be achieved than with martensite.

 

Tempering is used to set the properties of the workpiece, these depend on the purpose for which the workpiece will be used later. Different ratios of toughness to strength are required for tools used for working iron, brass, or wood respectively.

 

All types of steel that can be hardened are also suitable for tempering. Based on the tempering temperature, we can determine the hardness profile from the tempering chart for the corresponding steel grade.

Under certain conditions, unintended embrittlement can occur during tempering. This impacts notch toughness and flexural impact toughness. This process is dependent on the composition of the material and on the temperature range.For this reason, temperatures that may cause this to happen should ideally be avoided for the affected grades of steel.

 

The embrittlement that may occur is divided into the following categories:

 

• Irreversible 300°C embrittlement (blue brittleness) of alloy and non-allow steels between 200 °C and 400 °C. It is advisable to avoid this temperature range.
• Reversible 500°C embrittlement between approx. 450 °C and 550 °C on steels containing manganese, nickel, or chromium. This temperature range should be avoided. Another option is to alloy using molybdenum or tungsten.

 

For preventing temper embrittlement, we will gladly provide you with information about suitable temperatures and alloys for your materials.

Our locations in Germany and Europe are shown here.

Size of furnace:

1.200 mm x 900 mm x 900 mm (L x B x H)

 

Maximum batch weight:

2,000 kg

 

Maximum operating temperature:

750 °C

 

Processing time:

From 48 h, details upon request

If you wish us to harden and temper your material, we require the following information:

 

• Which material is to be treated (material designation)?
• Which target hardness (HRC) do you wish to achieve?
• What are the dimensions of the component and what is the batch size?
• Where is the test point?
• Are additional pre- and post-treatments required?
• We will be happy to advise you on suitable parameters for each specific application of your material.

The objective of gentle salt bath hardening is to increase the hardness and the resistance of the material, with minimum warping. The process makes it possible to use a salt melt for both the heating and the cooling of the material. As well as cyanides, which are frequently used as melting salts, barium salts and special tempering salts are used for tempering.

The temperature of the salt melt (e.g. during salt bath nitriding) usually ranges from 150 °C to 1,300 °C. The typical temperatures for heating metal are between 800 °C and 1,200 °C. Temperatures between 140 °C and 250 °C (for staggered quenching, up to 450 °C) can be used to quench the material in the hot bath.

Their temperature stability and gentle heat transfer make salt melts attractive options for annealing and hardening processes. The slow cooling prevents the formation of vapour bubbles on the surface of the component. The process also causes a salt film to form on the workpiece, preventing undesired cooling effects like edge decarburising.

Summary: The advantages at a glance

• Exceptionally uniform heat input
• Reduced crack formation
• Little warping
• No edge decarburising
• Optimised wear resistance
• High reproducibility

Salt bath hardening is characterised as a particularly flexible and dependable process. Our experts at Härtha will gladly advise you on the details.

Info
Owing to the toxicity of the salts used, salt bath hardening is incorrectly regarded as outdated, even though is still widely used in industrial applications. Today, modern processes and less aggressive salts ensure improved recyclability and environmental compatibility.

Salt bath hardening is a popular process for components having a complex shape and varying widely in cross-section and weight. This may include, for instance, shafts, gear wheels, or tools.

 

For such components partial hardening can be used to harden different areas to various levels of hardness. This can be accomplished through heat treatment in a salt melt. What is more, the slow quenching process can ensure uniform temperature distribution in the various areas of the component, reducing stresses to a minimum.

 

Suitable materials

Tool steels and spring steels/alloy steels are frequently treated using a salt bath hardening process. As a general rule, all grades of steel suitable for oil bath hardening can also be subjected to salt bath hardening. Equally decisive are such properties as the size and the structure of the workpieces, as well as the target hardness and target toughness.

 

The following is an excerpt of the steel grades suitable for a salt bath treatment:

 

Material number	Short name
1.1273	90Mn4
1.7225	42CrMo4
1.3505	100Cr6
1.0762	44SMn28
1.7228	50CrMo4
1.6511	34CrNiMo6
1.6582	43CrNiMo6
1.7006	46Cr2
1.7035	41Cr4
1.8159	50CrV4
1.6545	30NiCrMo2
1.6546	40NiCrMo2

 

 

Areas of application

• Toolmaking and mechanical engineering
• Aerospace
• Automotive industry

Our locations in Germany and Europe are shown here.

Dimensions

600 mm x 500 mm

 

Max. weight

500 kg

 

Maximum operating temperature:

1,200 °C

We need the following information from you:

• Material designation
• Target hardness and tolerance range
• Maximum permissible warping
• Additional requested pre- and post-treatments
• Test area, if stipulated

The objective of bright hardening is a uniform hardness increase in the treated workpiece. Heating the material to its austenitising temperature before cooling (quenching) it rapidly leads to the formation of martensite. The composition of the metal determines the corresponding austenitising temperature and cooling rate.

 

Info: Austenitising temperature
The austenitising temperature is the temperature at which steel and cast iron form austenite while being heated. If a hardening process is intended to produce martensite, the austenitising temperature corresponds to the hardening temperature.

The cooling process is followed by tempering (if the tempering temperatures are high, also referred to as quenching and tempering) to relax the stresses in the steel. During this process, we can customise such properties as toughness, strength, wear resistance, etc. precisely to your specifications.

 

Summary: The advantages at a glance

• Maximum strength and toughness (including tensile strength and notch toughness, bending fatigue resistance, and fatigue strength)
• Great resistance to wear and protection from brittle fractures
• Exact control of carbon content
• Prevention of edge decarburising
• Computer-controlled processes: Every treatment is documented (thermocouples, mass flow controllers, quenching medium, etc.) and can be repeated as required
• Most cost-effective hardening process

At HÄRTHA, we match all processes with the individual parameters of your workpiece.

Bright hardening is suited for the through-hardening and refinement of alloy, low-alloy, and non-alloy steels. Virtually all hardenable steels, quenching and tempering steels, and nitriding steels can be treated.

The steel’s composition is decisive. The hardness achievable depends primarily on carbon content, and the hardness penetration depends on the variable components such as nickel, chromium, etc.

 

INFO: Hardness increase and hardness penetration
Hardness increase is the maximum hardness that can be achieved for a material. Hardness penetration represents the maximum hardness penetration depth at consistent quality.
 

Examples of suitable steels:

Material number	Short name	Steel grade	HRC
1.7225	42CrMo4	Quenched and tempered steel
1.0503	C45	Quenched and tempered steel
1.2842	90MnCrV8	Quenched and tempered steel
1.3505	100Cr6	Bearing steel
1.2210	115CrV3	Bearing steel

 

Less suitable components and steels

• Components with sharp edges or large differences in cross-section
• Materials already hardened through (risk of fracture)
• Surface-hardening steels such as C45 have only limited suitability – because the attainable hardness greatly depends on the shape of the workpiece

If in doubt, contact our team of experts. We look forward to receiving your enquiry.

 

INFO: Bright hardening vs. vacuum hardening
Low-alloy steels are not suitable for vacuum hardening, but through oil bath quenching, they can be subjected to bright hardening. However, the harsh quenching is likely to produce a certain amount of warping. For precision workpieces sensitive to warping, we therefore recommend vacuum hardening and the use of suitable steels.

Bright hardening represents metal processing which has a high degree of customisation and excellent quality. These attributes make this process appealing for the preparation of workpieces for key segments of industry and critical infrastructures.

• Toolmaking
• Mechanical engineering
• Automotive
• Medical engineering
• Aerospace
• Electrical industry
• Warehousing industry
• Agricultural machinery
• Hydraulics

Our locations in Germany and Europe are shown here.

Size of furnace:

600 x 900 x 600 mm (L x W x H)

Maximum batch weight:

600 kg

Maximum operating temperature:

1,050 °C

Processing time:

From 48 h, details upon request

We need the following information from you:

• Material designation
• Required hardness (HRC) and tolerance
• Maximum permissible warping
• Additional pre- and post-treatments (e. g. nitriding, burnishing)

If a test area is stipulated, please send us a corresponding drawing, and add a note in your order.

Bright hardening is well-suited for combination with other treatments to refine and coat of workpieces. Burnishing, for instance, is suitable for ensuring corrosion protection and, thus, greater storage stability. In addition, nitriding is capable of producing hardness values greater than 68 HRC in the edge layer of heat-resistant materials. We will be happy to advise you on additional options.

During vacuum hardening, alloy or high-alloy steel is heated and then quenched with gas in order to make the microstructure more robust. The result is a clean or bright metal surface that requires no or almost no hard machining. The process is well suited, for instance, for high-quality precision tools and moulded parts, or for cost-intensive individual tools.

The hardening process takes place in a special vacuum furnace, capable of delivering maximum temperatures up to 1,300 °C. Multi-chamber furnaces up to 1,000 °C are also suitable. The gas commonly used for quenching is nitrogen and, sometimes, helium.

 

INFO
Gas quenching produces less warping than quenching in oil or water. As alloy and high-alloy steels are largely air-hardening materials, they can form the martensite hardening structure in gas as well. Non-alloy and low-alloy steels are better suited for bright hardening with subsequent quenching in an oil bath.

 

 

Technical backgrounds

The vacuum applied during vacuum hardening prevents the steel from reacting with the gases in the furnace during the hardening process. This prevents edge decarburising and edge oxidation.

The material is quenched using a precisely controlled stream of gas (usually compressed nitrogen) which is fed into the annealing chamber. This procedure makes it possible to thoroughly harden even sharp edges and large transitions in the cross-section because the gentle gas flow produces almost no warping in the component.

The state-of-the-art systems we use at Härtha allow us to automate and exactly repeat all steps in the process. Throughout the entire hardening process, the temperature of the material for hardening is controlled using thermocouples. We will team up with you to work out the relevant test specifications, and we guarantee maximum process reliability.

 

Summary: The advantages at a glance

• Little warping
• Metallic blank surfaces with no oxidation and no edge decarburising
• Great strength and resistance to wear
• Large cross-section transitions and sharp edges pose no problem
• Reproducible process
• Superior quality for precision components, moulded parts and high-quality tools

Vacuum hardening is frequently followed by the tempering process. This is used to precisely regulate toughness and hardness and thus set the individual wear resistance.

Moreover, the clean surface produced by vacuum hardening provides ideal conditions for targeted surface hardening by nitriding.

Because of the gentle gas quenching, vacuum hardening is used principally for hardening as well as quenching and tempering high-alloy steels. However, generally low-alloy steels can also be subjected to vacuum hardening, provided the component is small enough not to require the harsher quenching in oil.
 
Vacuum hardening is suitable for all air-hardening steels, and for hardenable acid-free and stainless steels, high-strength steels and hot and cold worked steels, in addition to high-speed steels.
 

Examples of suitable steels:

 

Material number	Short name	Steel grade	HRC
1.2080	X210Cr12	Cold-work steel	58-62
1.2083	X40Cr14	Cold-work steel	50-54
1.2311	40CrMnMo7	Cold-work steel	48-52
1.2312	40CrMnMoS8-6	Cold-work steel	48-52
1.2343	X37CrMoV5-1	Hot working steel	50-54
1.2344	X40CrMoV5-1	Hot working steel	50-54
1.4021	X20Cr13	Stainless martensitic steels	40-48
1.3207	HS 10-4-3-10	High-speed steel	63-65
1.3243	HS 6-5-2-5	High-speed steel	62-64

 

Sample applications

• Toolmaking and mechanical engineering
• Medical instruments
• Mould construction
• Electrical industry and machine construction
• Automotive industry
• Aerospace technology

Type of system:
Horizontal vacuum system

Dimensions:

1,200 x 1,500 x 1,000 mm (L x W x H)

Capacity:

2,500 kg

For us to perform vacuum hardening for you, we require the following information:

• Material designation
• Target hardness
• Dimensions of the component and batch size
• Test point
• Additional pre- and post-treatments

Together we will determine the parameters for the optimum treatment of your workpiece.

You will find our locations in Germany and Europe here.